Morphological Processing of L2 Arabic by Indonesian Speakers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1702.12Keywords:
word-likeness, root, L2 processing, speechAbstract
In contrast to word formation in stem-based languages, Arabic words are derived through a process of mapping a consonantal root into a vowel pattern. Ample evidence suggests that, during lexical processing of real words in Arabic, native speakers are successful in decomposing words into their roots and patterns such that there is priming between Arabic words that share the same root. In L2 acquisition, however, the question remains whether L2 learners adopt L2 morphological processing mechanisms especially when these are different from L1 processes. The current study explores this question by investigating L2 Arabic learners’ sensitivity to the presence of roots when processing auditory speech in Arabic. 38 Indonesian learners of Arabic as a second language and 38 native Arabic speakers rated the word-likeness of auditorily presented nonwords in Arabic. Results reveal that L2 Arabic learners, like native speakers, are sensitive to the presence of roots in the nonwords. These findings are discussed in light of lexical processing models.
References
Albright, A. (2009). Featffre-based generalisation as a soffrce of gradient acceptability. Phonology, 26, 9–41.
Aljasser, F. (2020). Root and pattern effects in the processing of spoken non-words in Arabic. International Journal of Linguistics, 12(2), 292–300. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v12i2.16545
Bailey, T. M., & Hahn, U. (2001). Determinants of wordlikeness: phonotactics or lexical neighborhoods? Journal of Memory & Language, 44(4), 568–591. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2000.2756
Boudelaa, S. (2014). Is the Arabic Mental Lexicon Morpheme-Based or Stem-Based ? Implications for Spoken and Written Word Recognition. In E. Saiegh-Haddad & R. Joshi (Eds.), Handbook of Arabic literacy (pp. 31–54). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8545-7
Boudelaa, S., & Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (2005). Discontinuous morphology in time: Incremental masked priming in Arabic. Language and Cognitive Processes, 20(1–2), 207–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960444000106
Boudelaa, S., & Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (2010). Aralex: A lexical database for modern standard Arabic. Behavior Research Methods, 42(2), 481–487. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.2.481
Boudelaa, S., & Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (2011). Productivity and priming: Morphemic decomposition in Arabic. Language and Cognitive Processes, 26(4–6), 624–652. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2010.521022
Boudelaa, S., & Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (2013). Morphological structure in the Arabic mental lexicon: Parallels between standard and dialectal Arabic. Language and Cognitive Processes, 28(10),1453–1473. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2012.719629
Boudelaa, S., & Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (2015). Structure, form, and meaning in the mental lexicon: evidence from Arabic. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 30(8), 955–992. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2015.1048258
Butterworth, B. (1983). Lexical represenation. In B. Butterworth (Ed.), Language production. London, UK: Academic Press.
Ciaccio, L. A., & Jacob, G. (2019). Native speakers like affixes, L2 speakers like letters? An overt visual priming study investigating the role of orthography in L2 morphological processing. PLoS ONE, 14(12), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226482
Deutsch, A., Frost, R., & Forster, K. I. (1998). Verbs and nouns are organized and accessed differently in the mental lexicon: Evidence from Hebrew. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24(5), 1238–1255. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.24.5.1238
Deutsch, A., Velan, H., & Michaly, T. (2016). Decomposition in a non-concatenated morphological structure involves more than just the roots: Evidence from fast priming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71(1 Special Issue), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1250788
Fernandes, A. I., Luna, K., Soares, A. P., & Comesaña, M. (2023). Is there an early morphological decomposition during L2 lexical access? A meta-analysis on the morphological priming effect. Brain Sciences, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13010127
Freynik, S., Gor, K., & Rourke, P. O. (2017). L2 processing of Arabic derivational morphology. The Mental Lexicon, 12(1), 21–50. https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.12.1.02fre
Frisch, S. A., Large, N. R., & Pisoni, D. B. (2000). Perception of wordlikeness: Effects of segment probability and length on the processing of nonwords. Journal of Memory and Language, 42(4), 481–496. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1999.2692
Gonnerman, L. M., Seidenberg, M. S., & Andersen, E. S. (2007). Graded semantic and phonological similarity effects in priming: Evidence for a distributed connectionist approach to morphology. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(2), 323–345. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.136.2.323
Gor, K. (2018). Phonological priming and the role of phonology in nonnative word recognition. Bilingualism, 21(3), 437–442. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918000056
Holes, C. (1995). Modern Arabic: Structure, functions and varieties. London, UK: Longman.
Jacob, G., Heyer, V., & Veríssimo, J. (2018). Aiming at the same target: A masked priming study directly comparing derivation and inflection in the second language. International Journal of Bilingualism, 22(6), 619–637. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006916688333
Kirby, J. P., & Yu, A. C. L. (2007). Lexical and phonotactic effects on wordlikeness judgments in Cantonese. Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS 2007), 21(August), 1389–1392.
Kirkici, B., & Clahsen, H. (2013). Inflection and derivation in native and non-native language processing: Masked priming experiments on Turkish. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16(4), 776–791.
Kridalaksana, H. (2014). Introduction to Word Formation and Word Classes in Indonesia. Buku Obor.
Neubauer, K., & Clahsen, H. (2009). Decomposition of inflected words in a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 31, 403–435. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263109090354
Plaut, D. C., & Gonnerman, L. M. (2000). Are non-semantic morphological effects icompatible with a distributed connectionist approach to lexical processing? Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(4–5), 445–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960050119661
Portin, M., Lehtonen, M., Harrer, G., Wande, E., Niemi, J., & Laine, M. (2008). L1 effects on the processing of inflected nouns in L2. Acta Psychologica, 128(3), 452–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.07.003
Reifegerste, J., Elin, K., & Clahsen, H. (2019). Persistent differences between native speakers and late bilinguals: Evidence from inflectional and derivational processing in older speakers. Bilingualism, 22(3), 425–440. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918000615
Shalhoub-Awwad, Y., & Khamis-Jubran, M. (2021). Distribution of nominal word-patterns and roots in Palestinian Arabic: A Developmental Perspective in Early Childhood. Journal of Child Language, 48(3), 569–590. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000920000574
Silva, R., & Clahsen, H. (2008). Morphologically complex words in L1 and L2 processing : Evidence from masked priming experiments in English. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 11(2), 245–260. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728908003404
Taft, M. (1979). Recognition of affixed words and the word frequency effect. Memory & Cognition, 7(4), 263–272. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197599
Taft, M. (2004). Morphological decomposition and the reverse base frequency effect. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology, 57(4), 745–765. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724980343000477
Ullman, M. (2005). A cognitive neuroscience perspective on second language acquisition: The declarative/procedural model. In C. Sanz (Ed.), Mind and Context in Adult Second Language Acquisition: Methods, Theory, and Practice (pp. 141–178). Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
Veríssimo, J., Heyer, V., Jacob, G., & Clahsen, H. (2018). Selective effects of age of acquisition on morphological priming: Evidence for a sensitive period. Language Acquisition, 25(3), 315–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2017.1346104
Vitevitch, M. S., & Luce, P. A. (1998). When words compete: Levels of processing in perception of spoken words. Psychological Science, 9(4), 325–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00064
Vitevitch, M. S., Luce, P. A., Charles-Luce, J., & Kemmerer, D. (1997). Phonotactics and syllable stress: Implications for the processing of spoken nonsense words. Language and Speech, 40(1), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/002383099704000103