A Scientometric Analysis of Language Teacher Emotions (2004-2022): Spotlight on the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on LTE Research

Authors

  • Xinrou Xu University of Nottingham Ningbo China
  • Xiao Xie Universiti Putra Malaysia
  • Vahid Nimehchisalem Universiti Putra Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1501.23

Keywords:

Language Teacher Emotions (LTE), COVID-19 pandemic, online teaching, scientometric analysis

Abstract

Frontline language teachers have experienced anxiety, vulnerability, and emotional burnout as a result of the sudden transition to online teaching due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study extracted Language Teacher Emotions (LTE) literature from the Scopus database during the period 2000-2022. During the first round of data extraction, 169 relevant documents written in English were identified. Furthermore, the researchers conducted a scientometric analysis using the literature analysis tool, CiteSpace (v.5.8.R3), and employed co-citation techniques involving visualization and text mining. Our results indicate the following: (1) The first LTE publication was released in 2004, followed by a growing number of publications in the first decade. Nevertheless, more studies were published during 2020-2022; (2) The five countries with the highest number of publications were the USA, China, Iran, the UK, and Turkey; (3) According to Author Co-citation Analysis (ACA), the majority of researchers had expertise in language education, teaching methods, educational assessment, teacher education, and applied psychology; (4) Based on the Document Co-citation Analysis (DCA), emotional labour, emotional burden, and vulnerability were the primary topics of interest; (5) Cluster analysis of keywords indicates that the LTE research trajectory was inevitably affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. As the first scientometric review of LTE research, this study calls for a greater understanding of the impact of online and blended teaching during the post-pandemic period. It will be of interest to inter-domain researchers and frontline teachers in terms of identifying influential scholars, publications, and research trends, as well as considering future research projects.

Author Biographies

Xinrou Xu, University of Nottingham Ningbo China

School of English Education, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences

Xiao Xie, Universiti Putra Malaysia

Department of English, Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication

Vahid Nimehchisalem, Universiti Putra Malaysia

Department of English, Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication

References

Alger, M., & Eyckmans, J. (2022). “I took physical lessons for granted”: A Case Study Exploring Students’ Interpersonal Interactions in Online Synchronous Lessons during the Outbreak of COVID-19. System, 105, 102716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102716

Arnold, J., & Brown, H. D. (1999). A map of the terrain. In J. Arnold (Ed.), Affective method in language leaning (pp. 1-24). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Arnold, J., & Fonseca, C. (2007). Affect in teacher talk. Language Acquisition and Development, 107-121.

Back, M., Han, M., & Weng, S. C. (2020). Emotional scaffolding for emergent multilingual learners through translanguaging: Case stories. Language and Education, 34(5), 387-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2020.1744638

Bar-On, R. (2010). Emotional intelligence: An integral part of positive psychology. South African Journal of Psychology, 40(1), 54-62. Retrieved January 29, 2023, from https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC98569

Beauchamp, C., & Thomas, L. (2009). Understanding teacher identity: An overview of issues in the literature and implications for teacher education. Cambridge Journal of Education, 39(2), 175-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057640902902252

Benesch, S. (2017). Emotions and English language teaching: Exploring teachers’ emotion labour. Routledge/Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315736181

Benesch, S. (2018). Emotions as agency: Feeling rules, emotion labour, and English language teachers’ decision-making. System, 79, 60-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427587.2020.1716194

Benesch, S. (2020). Emotions and activism: English language teachers’ emotion labour as responses to institutional power. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 17(1), 26–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427587.2020.1716194

Borg, S. (2006). The distinctive characteristics of foreign language teachers. Language Teaching Research, 10(1), 3-31. https://doi.org/10.1191/1362168806lr182oa

Chen, C. (2004). Searching for intellectual turning points: Progressive knowledge domain visualization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(suppl_1), 5303-5310. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0307513100

Chen, C. (2006). CiteSpace II: Detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57(3), 359-377. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20317

Chen, C. (2014). The CiteSpace Manual. Version 1.01 (pp. 1-84). College of Computing and Informatics. Retrieved January 29, 2023, from http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdf

Chen, C. (2017). Science mapping: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Data and Information Science, 2(2), 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1515/jdis-2017-0006

Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Sage publications.

Cosgrove, J. (2002). Breakdown: The facts about stress in teaching. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203133736

Dunning, T. (1994). Accurate methods for the statistics of surprise and coincidence. Computational Linguistics, 19(1), 61-74.

Fraschini, N., & Tao, Y. (2021). Emotions in online language learning: exploratory findings from an ab initio Korean course. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2021.1968875

Gkonou, C. (2017). 8. Towards an Ecological Understanding of Language Anxiety. In New Insights into Language Anxiety (pp. 135-155). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783097722-009

Gkonou, C. (2021). Teacher-Learner Relationships. In The Routledge Handbook of the Psychology of Language Learning and Teaching (pp. 275-284). Routledge.

Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. New York: Bantam Books.

Gregersen, T. (2013). “Language learning vibes: what, why and how to capitalize for positive affect” in The Affective Dimension in Second Language Acquisition, eds D. Gabry-Barker and J. Bielska (Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters), 89–98.

Guglielmi, R. S., & Tatrow, K. (1998). Occupational stress, burnout, and health in teachers: A methodological and theoretical analysis. Review of Educational Research, 68(1), 61-99. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543068001061

Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43(6), 495-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2005.11.001

Hargreaves, A. (1998). The emotional politics of teaching and teacher development: With implications for educational leadership. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 1(4), 315-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360312980010401

Hargreaves, A. (2001). The emotional practice of teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education, 14(8), 835–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(98)00025-0

Hayes, D. (2003). Emotional preparation for teaching: A case study about trainee teachers in England. Teacher Development, 7(2), 153-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530300200196

Her, L., & De Costa, P. I. (2022). When language teacher emotions and language policy intersect: A critical perspective. System, 105, 102745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102745

Hiver, P. (2013). The interplay of possible language teacher selves in professional development choices. Language Teaching Research, 17(2), 210-227. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168813475944

Hochschild Arlie, R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Retrieved January 29, 2023, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pp0cf

Hodges, C. B., Moore, S., Lockee, B. B., Trust, T., & Bond, M. A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. Retrieved January 29, 2023, from http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104648

Hou, J., Yang, X., & Chen, C. (2018). Emerging trends and new developments in information science: A document co-citation analysis (2009–2016). Scientometrics, 115(2), 869-892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2695-9

Jiang, M., & Koo, K. (2020). Emotional presence in building an online learning community among non-traditional graduate students. Online Learning, 24(4), 93-111. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v24i4.2307

Jones, A. L., & Kessler, M. A. (2020, November). Teachers’ emotion and identity work during a pandemic. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 5, p. 583775). Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.583775

Kelchtermans, G. (2005). Teachers’ emotions in educational reforms: Self-understanding, vulnerable commitment and micropolitical literacy. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(8), 995-1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2005.06.009

Keller, M. M., Chang, M. L., Becker, E. S., Goetz, T., & Frenzel, A. C. (2014). Teachers’ emotional experiences and exhaustion as predictors of emotional labour in the classroom: An experience sampling study. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1442. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01442

Kremenitzer, J. P., & Miller, R. (2008). Are you a highly qualified, emotionally intelligent, early childhood educator? Young Children, 63(4), 106–112.

Lake, J. (2013). 13 Positive L2 Self: Linking Positive Psychology with L2 Motivation. Language Learning Motivation in Japan, 71, 225. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783090518-015

Lasky, S. (2005). A sociocultural approach to understanding teacher identity, agency and professional vulnerability in a context of secondary school reform. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(8), 899-916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2005.06.003

Leithwood, K., & Beatty, B. (Eds.). (2007). Leading with teacher emotions in mind. Corwin Press.

Lockee, B. B. (2021). Shifting digital, shifting context: (re)considering teacher professional development for online and blended learning in the COVID-19 era. Educational Technology Research and Development, 69(1), 17-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09836-8

Loh, C. E., & Liew, W. M. (2016). Voices from the ground: The emotional labour of English teachers’ work. Teaching and Teacher Education, 55, 267-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.01.016

MacIntyre, P. D., Gregersen, T., & Mercer, S. (2020). Language teachers’ coping strategies during the Covid-19 conversion to online teaching: Correlations with stress, wellbeing and negative emotions. System, 94, 102352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102352

Mercer, S., Oberdorfer, P., & Saleem, M. (2016). Helping language teachers to thrive: Using positive psychology to promote teachers’ professional well-being. Positive Psychology Perspectives on Foreign Language Learning and Teaching, 213-229. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32954-3_12

Miller, E. R., & Gkonou, C. (2018). Language teacher agency, emotion labour and emotional rewards in tertiary-level English language programs. System, 79, 49-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2018.03.002

Ngo, T. C. T. (2021, January). EFL teachers’ emotion regulation in response to online-teaching at Van Lang University. In Proceedings of the Asia CALL International Conference-Atlantis Press (Vol. 533, No. 978-94-6239-343-1, pp. 80-87). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210226.010

Nias, J. (1996). Thinking about feeling: The emotions in teaching. Cambridge Journal of Education, 26(3), 293-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764960260301

Oberle, E., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2016). Stress contagion in the classroom? The link between classroom teacher burnout and morning cortisol in elementary school students. Social Science & Medicine, 159, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.04.031

Pavlenko, A. (2005). Emotions and multilingualism. Cambridge University Press.

Rey-Martí, A., Ribeiro-Soriano, D., & Palacios-Marqués, D. (2016). A bibliometric analysis of social entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Research, 69(5), 1651-1655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.033

Schutz, P. A., Hong, J. Y., Cross, D. I., & Osbon, J. N. (2006). Reflections on investigating emotion in educational activity settings. Educational Psychology Review, 18(4), 343-360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-006-9030-3

Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction (Vol. 55, No. 1, p. 5). American Psychological Association.

Shapiro, S. (2010). Revisiting the teachers’ lounge: Reflections on emotional experience and teacher identity. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(3), 616–621. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.09.009

Small, H. (1973). Co‐citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. Journal of the American Society for information Science, 24(4), 265-269. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630240406

Song, J. (2016). Emotions and language teacher identity: Conflicts, vulnerability, and transformation. TESOL Quarterly, 50(3), 631-654. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.312

Sutton, R. (2010). Why these ideas work, but seem weird. Des. Manag. Rev. 15, 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7169.2004.tb00149.x

Sutton, R. E., & Harper, E. (2009). Teachers’ emotion regulation. In International handbook of research on teachers and teaching (pp. 389-401). Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73317-3_25

Sutton, R. E., & Wheatley, K. F. (2003). Teachers’ emotions and teaching: A review of the literature and directions for future research. Educational Psychology review, 15(4), 327-358. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026131715856

Trigwell, K. (2012). Relations between teachers’ emotions in teaching and their approaches to teaching in higher education. Instructional Science, 40(3), 607-621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-011-9192-3

Varghese, M., Morgan, B., Johnston, B., & Johnson, K. A. (2005). Theorizing language teacher identity: Three perspectives and beyond. Journal of language, Identity, and Education, 4(1), 21-44. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327701jlie0401_2

Wang, Y., Derakhshan, A., & Zhang, L. J. (2021). Researching and practicing positive psychology in second/foreign language learning and teaching: the past, current status and future directions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731721

White, H. D., & Griffith, B. C. (1981). Author co-citation: A literature measure of intellectual structure. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 32(3), 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630320302

Wolff, D., & De Costa, P. I. (2017). Expanding the language teacher identity landscape: An investigation of the emotions and strategies of a NNEST. The Modern Language Journal, 101(S1), 76-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12370

Yin, H. B., Lee, J. C. K., & Zhang, Z. H. (2013). Exploring the relationship among teachers’ emotional intelligence, emotional labour strategies and teaching satisfaction. Teaching and Teacher Education, 35, 137-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2013.06.006

Yuan, R., & Lee, I. (2016). ‘I need to be strong and competent’: A narrative inquiry of a studentteacher’s emotions and identities in teaching practicum. Teachers and Teaching, 22, 819–841. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2016.1185819

Zembylas, M. (2002). “Structures of feeling” in curriculum and teaching: Theorizing the emotional rules. Educational Theory, 52(2), 187-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2002.00187.x

Zembylas, M. (2003). Emotion, Resistance, and Self-Formation. Educational Theory, 53(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2003.00107.x

Zembylas, M. (2005a). Discursive practices, genealogies, and emotional rules: A poststructuralist view on emotion and identity in teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(8), 935-948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2005.06.005

Zembylas, M. (2005b). Emotions and teacher identity: A poststructural perspective. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 9, 214–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540600309378

Zhao, S., & Li, M. (2021). Reflection on Loving Pedagogy and Students’ Engagement in EFL/ESL Classrooms. Frontiers in Psychology, 4072. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.757697

Downloads

Published

2023-12-31

Issue

Section

Articles